“Social Inequality Is a Necessary Evil of Capitalist Society”. Please Comment .

â€Å"Social inequality is a necessary evil of capitalist society†. Please comment with the reference of the sociology perspectives being discussed in the lecture and textbook. In the 21th century, the existence of social inequality has already raised to the surface, which give rise to a torrent of furor. Many people sees social inequality as an individual problem, people experience inequality because of their ability or laziness. However, this is somehow not the real case.Indeed, social inequality can be the consequence of the institution of the society, or, simply a characteristic of a particular economic system. This is exactly why social inequality is said to be a necessary evil in a capitalist society. In this essay, the reasons that social inequality must exist in a capitalist society is going to be discussed. The term ‘capitalism’ can be ambiguous, so what really means ‘capitalism’? Over these centuries, capitalism has been further divided or m utated into many types of systems.Generally, capitalism is an economic system. The most notable and common meaning of capitalism is the private ownership of the means of production. Private ownership means that individuals consist of the freedom to control their own assert. This means individuals will not interfere with one another as they use, exchange (sell) or give away what they find unclaimed or abandoned, what they make, and what they get from other persons by gift or exchange (purchase). (Watts, 1975) Compared to capitalism, the definition of social inequality is relatively clearer.Basically, anything unequal happened within a society or groups can said to be a social inequality. Sociologically, according to Marger(2005), the more evident inequalities in nowadays’ society are mainly the differences in income and wealth, differences in social standing and prestige, and differences in power. Now, do ‘capitalist society’ and ‘capitalism’ consist of an identical meaning? This is a very discussible question. Rather than only an economic system, the influence of capitalism is more than that.As Marxian theory stated that economic institution are the determinants of the entire system of society, the society’s economic foundation conditions the social, political and intellectual life process in general (Marx and Engel,1968, cited from Marger,2005), it is believed that a capitalist society refers to a society the norms and culture of the societies are influenced by its economic structure, namely capitalism. In a capitalist society, some particular characteristics are developed. As this is not an economic analysis, the focus point would be more about social characteristics.First of all, the capital accumulation is a trait that the owner, or the entrepreneur was dependent upon not only the accumulation of his own capital but also the aggregation of the capital of others. (Schumpeter, 1942) Besides, in a modern capitalistic st ate, competition is engaged to capitalism. The competition between corporations is the key to lower the costs of production and prices, and also the competition among workers to compete for limited employment, while competition leads to a maximization of self-interest. Democracy is also said to be the necessities of capitalism.Przeworski and Wallerstein (1982, cited from Goodin, 2009) explained it by using the term ‘class compromise’. Democracy is the compromise between capitalist and workers as it brings out the equilibrium that they share the same political power even through their quantity of wealth are unequal. This is redistribution, according to Prezeworski and Wallerstein. Lastly, modern capitalist society triggered the variation of forms of capital as nowadays, money and raw materials are not the only things that create profit, and this will be further discussed below.In this way, how these characteristics reflect or contribute to social inequality? Let’s discuss this issue from different sociological perspectives. From the conflict-theory-approach, Marxian and Weberian models are necessary to understand structured inequality in societies. According to Marx, social inequality is fundamental in capitalist society (Marger, 2005) Marx state that capitalism leads to class division—the capitalist class and the industrial working class, while this is the basic of capitalism and also the basic of social inequality.So in this way, the one who own resources and commodity can rule the other class. The working class must accept what capitalist pay them for their labor as they have no capital. This ruling practice can create a result of not only control the economic system and wealth distribution, but also the authority and the privilege of capitalist. As a result, the social inequality remains unchanged and the working classes by no means accept it. Under Marx’s analyses, the inevitable inequality in a capitalist society will eve ntually trigger a class conflict.Marx explains that the economy and politics are interdependent on each other, by which, we can applying to this essay is democracy and capitalism. Nowadays, democratic capitalism is a well-known political-economic system. Using Marx’s concept, democracy is created by those capitalist who try to make control and rule the two classes in a seemingly democratic way. For instance, in the USA, everyone has a right to vote, this allows people to have equality chance to choose the best politician they believe in.Through voting, they feel like they are given the opportunity to an equal chance, yet the structure-basis soical inequality remain unchanged. After analyzing this topic from Marxian perspectives, let’s move on to the Weberian model. According to Marger(2005), Weber suggested a more multidimensional model than that of Marx. Other than just a class division base on economic interest, Weber suggest the class, status and party are the facto rs that create inequality. Regarding this topic, the idea of Weber about the concept of class would be quite proper to explain the inevitability of inequality in capitalist society.In Weber’s points of view, the formation of class or the class position of a particular person is not just simply base on the means of production, rather there are things like skills and credentials. For instance, doctor is a worker for the hospital, but their social position is more than simply a worker. Here comes to the concept of capital—In the industrialism period, technologies are material-intensive, thus the means of production only focused on the physical capital, namely raw materials, money and other kinds of assert.However, in the modern capitalist society, technologies are shifted into informative-intensive, bringing out the diversity of capital. Goodwin(2003) suggested that there are five types of capital—-financial capital, social capital, natural capital, produced capita l and human capital. In this way, the accumulation of capital is not only money and material in modern capitalist society are varied—-different types of capitalist are being developed. As a result, our degrees of accumulation of different kinds of capital would result inequality diversity, not only difference in wealth, but difference in privilege and social position.Weber’s concept is able to explain the inequality of privilege, power and social position rather than just wealth in modern capitalist society. As we can see, the conflict-approach focus on the inevitability of inequality, while the structural-functionalism approach is focused on the need of inequality. Functional theorists begin with the metaphor that the society is organized as a whole or a living system. ( Rigney, 2001) In this organic system, people must take up different role to maintain the operation of the society.In this way, there is a necessity of inequality. Under this scheme, some roles are rel atively important than others, namely doctor is considered more important than trash collectors. According to David and Moore (1945), this is due to the more important to the survival of the society than others. These positions require much talent and education, thus these important roles would earn more income and prestige compared to others, which leads to an open up of competition. Being one of the characteristics in capitalist society, competition is everywhere.People start compete by strive for limited university quota, limited working positions, limited resources and so on. Eventually, those with more talent and stronger ability occupied those more important positions such as layer, judgers, and doctor and those with less talent, in other words, less human capital are taking up less important role namely driver, salesman and so on. This occupational stratification creates differences in income and reward, applying to a capitalist society, create winners and losers.Applying the functionalist perspective to capitalist society, the variation of roles and the occupation of better positions by people with more human capital, is necessary for the ‘health’ of this organic system to fully extend its function, which explain why a capitalist society needs social inequality. Both the conflict approach and structural-functionalist approach explain inequality in terms of the macrostructure of the society, conflict theorists see the society as a war, while the functionalists see the society as a body and they both sees ‘inequality’ in a objective way(Scott, 2003).In contrast, the way symbolic interactionists see things are contradictory to the above approach. Symbolic interactions explain social inequality in a more subjective and micro-structural way. According to Blumer (1969), interactionists describe the society as the interaction among people, while human beings act based on the meaning of things have for them. From their perspective, th ere is no inherent equality or inequality. In such way, the meaning of social inequality are defined by individual’s interaction and it become a nteractive process, so terms like ‘inequality’ are used creatively for people to understand their world. (Scott, 2001) Therefore, when we consider the social inequality in capitalist society from interactionist perspective, how people feel about the existing inequality is putting into consideration. In this way, the sets of value and beliefs developed from people are the key to create an endurance of inequality. The ideology of people is developed through interaction and their own interpretation.Although capitalism has created a social inequality, it is still a dominant economic system throughout the world, why? This is because people feel fine about it and accept it. According to Marger (2005), a long-range stability and popular acceptance require the development of an effective ideology and its communication through so cialization. Parents interact with their children, friends interact with friends, workers interact with workers—–eventually they view the inequality of power, wealth and privilege as natural or even benefitical.Looking capitalism through the symbolic-interaction’s eye, sometime it is not only the system, capitalism, set up the latent ‘law’ that inequality must exist, it is rather comes from the interpretation of individual, and eventually emerge to the whole masses. Using the education system in Hong Kong as an example, competition is seen as natural. School is believed to be the place where people start accumulating human and social capital namely knowledge and relationships which contribute to their career. The concept ‘winner’ and ‘loser’ are incepted starting from school, it is a common beliefs among student to compete with others.They strive for getting into famous primary and secondary school and university. As we can see, not only the structure needs inequality, the masses needs inequality so that they are able fight for an opportunity. All in all, the three sociological perspectives focus on different aspects of the situation. From conflict-approach, it is believed that the inequality is inevitable due to the concept of class, there are always different class and social positions that create an inescapable social inequality.The seemingly fair democracy system can be seen as a cover to play down the existing inequality, and also a strategy of the ruling class, so there are actually hidden conflicts in the capitalist society. From the factionalist perspective, inequality is seen as a functional trait to create a healthy society, people with more capital (resources, knowledge, skills. etc) should occupy a more important roles in order to maintain a fine operation of the society, so social inequality is needed in a capitalist society.From the symbolic interactional perspective, the acceptance of s ocial inequality by the masses is put into concern. The interpretation of inequality is subjective and varying among people, thus through interaction between people, particular norms, beliefs and culture of capitalism is developed, and people trust that inequality is beneficial for the society. Not only in terms of the society’s structure, but also in terms of people under the capitalist structure, social inequality is a necessary evil in the capitalist society.Name: Luk Sze Ip Lydia Reference: Blumer, Herbert. (1969). Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Davis, Kingsley, Wilbert Moore. (1945). Some Principles of Stratification. American Sociological Review 10:242-249 Harris, Scott R. (2003). Critiquing and Expanding the Sociology of Inequality: Comparing Functionalist, Conflict, and Interactionist Perspectives. In Quarterly Journal of Ideology 25. P. 1-21. (Electronic journal) Harris, Scott R. (2001). What Can Interactionism C ontribute to the Study of Inequality? The Case of Marriage and Beyond. In Symbolic Interaction vol. 24:455-480. Wiley  on behalf of the  Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction Martin N. Marger. (2005). Social inequality—Patterns & Processes (3rd. edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Neva R. Goodwin. Five Kinds of Capital: Useful Concepts for Sustainable Development. In Neva Goodwin. , et. al. (2003)Law and Socio-Economics of the American Association of Legal Scholars annual meeting.Medford MA 02155, USA Rigney, Daniel. (2001). The Metaphorical Society: An Invitation to Social Theory. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Robert E. Goodin, . et. al. (2009) The Oxford handbook of Political Science. Oxford University Press. USA Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1942) 1950 Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 3d ed. New York: Harper; London: Allen & Unwin V. Orval Watts, (1975),Capitalism: Definition, Origin, and Dynamics. In Mark W. Hendrickson. (1992). the morality of capital ism. The Foundation for Economic

Alexander Hamilton´s Views on Government Essay - 571 Words

Alexander Hamilton was the architect of the federalist papers and much of the financial structure of America. He was only reluctantly admitted to the rule of the great American thinkers. His prominence as a primary nationalist and financial visionary in the post-revolutionary were truly uncovered in the middle of the twentieth century. Historical evidence points to him being Christian and saying: â€Å"I have carefully examined the evidences of the Christian religion, and if I was sitting as a juror upon its authenticity I would unhesitatingly give my verdict in its favor. I can prove its truth as clearly as any proposition ever submitted to the mind of man.† (Alexander Hamilton) Historians started to reassess his success. He is preeminently†¦show more content†¦When his dream came true, he took the role of artillery captain and served in the battles of Long Island, Trenton, Princeton and White Plains. General Nathanael Green commended Hamilton to Washington, who too k him on as assistant in March 1777, but later resigned after a clash with Washington. He continued his dissimilarity in the service in a commanding role in Yorktown. Subsequently when the war ended, he started his legal career. His role in the Annapolis Convention addressing the issues in the interstate commerce clause established him as leading supporter of a robust central government in the new colonies. He established most of the intellectual property to lay the foundation for the federal government. In the federalist papers he makes a strong argument for nationalism and a strong state. He commented on everything from public administration to foreign affairs. He also laid the groundwork for the Central Bank, but the public’s weak understanding on the subject made it unreasonably difficult. Skipping ahead some to the elections of 1800, his political career was ended at the hands of Aaron Burr. The cause was Hamilton’s electoral support of Thomas Jefferson over Burr. Aaron Burr confronted Hamilton and challenged him to a duel on July 11, 1804 near Weehawken, New Jersey. Burr struck Hamilton in the abdomen mortally wounding him, and Hamilton shot a branch above Burr’s head. He died the following day. Some questions I would have forShow MoreRelatedThomas Jefferson And The Constitution911 Words   |  4 Pages In 1796 prior to retiring his position as president, George Washington had warned that the creation of a political government would most certainly lead to (crisis), perhaps because of their discrepancy of opinions. 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Progressive era of the late 1800s to early 1900s - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 571 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction The first part of the essay is about how progressive era of the late 1800s to early 1900s was a direct response to the â€Å"guided age of the mid-late 1800s†. The second part of the essay describes the guided age, outlines the major events, people, and ideas and how the things in question spur on the progressive movement and the changes that took place during that period of time. According to the progressive era (John, 1900 ) by the end of the year 1900th   century as the American entered into the first world war, the progressive era came with dramatic variations to the America’s commercial, administrative, and collective sectors. Progressive comprised all humankind from different backgrounds, class hierarchy, and professions who confronted the old way of life of Americans. The game changers engaged in a war to minimize the poor leadership qualities, embezzlement of public funds and other resources and the deficient lifestyle of the low living classes. They were convinced that setting up of industries and towns would bring about enormous social challenges such as the inclusion of city slums alongside work mishandling by uncaring organizations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Progressive era of the late 1800s to early 1900s" essay for you Create order According to politics, reform, and expansion (Harold, 1890), the epoch of those years was matched by turning point of American history. On one the side, the ancient America- the one that was mostly in the grass roots and practiced agriculture dedicated its concentration to the downfall of the landform that was happy about the seclusion from the First World War and was approved positive minded in thinking and living in disposition. The part of America that was mostly industrial, was engaged in world political arena and the world wars experiencing massive changes in a number of people, economy, a level of know-how, and the day to day way of living hence causing many troubles that brought their gumshoe over the commitment in the future days. The cause of progressivism is described to have begun in the mid-late 1800s, when furious and small traders made the Grange and earlier the Populist Party to attack the unethical practices of large businesses. Progressive writers fought the well up the class in series of books and other written materials that condemned the â€Å"bloated trust† for motivating and planting corruption and screening wrongdoing. At the end of the century,  Ã‚   immoral behaviors were exposed as the big business. The media was directed to wholly expose disgraceful sections. Social challenges were most for the investigation by magazines. The slum situations attracted the major attention. Some progressives encouraged more views to bring about educated Europeans. Although they disassociated themselves from the logical descriptions, they later picked up his thoughts about speech and morality. Fundamental progressive supported attempts to marriages and cheap divorces as they forced programs to educate people on sex and birth control measures. As essential progressives forced to reshape America, a Protestant group ministers controlled the gospel body to bring about religious policies into the trading world. Conclusion The progressive era came with dramatic variations to the America’s commercial, administrative and collective sectors by the end of 1900th.According to politics, reform, and expansion, the epoch of those years was matched by turning point of American history. The cause of progressivism is described to have begun in the late 1800s when furious and small traders made the Grange and earlier the populist party to attack the unethical practices of large businesses. Immoral living characters were exposed as the big business.

My Desire to be an Early Childhood Special Education Teacher

My Desire to be an Early Childhood Special Education Teacher Imagine yourself to be a young child sitting in a classroom. The teacher has given instructions, and everyone is working, except you. You want to raise your hand, but are hesitant due to the fear of being laughed at. The teacher scolds you for not being on task, and for having to perhaps stay afterwards to catch up on your work. You feel ashamed and want to give up altogether. The teacher glares at you waiting for you to start your work. This example is one that I do not want to have my students experience in the classroom. I have the desire to become an Early Childhood Special Education teacher. I want to assist the child that feels lost, or does not catch on as†¦show more content†¦The nature of knowledge for the students should be relative. Especially in the Special Education classroom, the criteria should be based on the individual child. Each child learns differently, and those differences should be considered when teaching children with special needs. This me thod would allow the students to accept and appreciate their peers in an appropriate manner. The purpose of education is to teach children at a young age not only academics, but morals as well. Children behave according to the models they have set before them, and if that particular model is not at home, at least they can receive instruction from school. Education also enables children to learn who they are, and where they may want to go in life. Education is essential to everyone, in order to survive. Education allows you to share in world happenings, social gatherings, and to assist those who may not have education at all. For example, if you have not learned that George Washington was the first president, you are unable to hold a conversation about it. If you learned to read and write, you may help someone else write a letter or enjoy the newspaper. I hope, as a teacher, to accomplish three goals. First of all, I would like to be as knowledgeable as possible in the field of Special Education. Secondly, I would like to use this knowledge to assist young children with special needsShow MoreRelatedWhy I Am A Teacher Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pages INTRODUCTION I believe that because I have wanted to be a teacher since I was a little girl. Not only have I wanted becoming a teacher for many years, but also I have had many teachers in my past, good and bad, who have assisted me in realizing that teaching was the profession for me. I have started to work as a teacher assistant in a school for autistic children. Teaching is a challenging task. One shall perform his duty with the highest degree of excellence, professionalismRead More Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy Essay examples1059 Words   |  5 Pagesprofession. I have seen my sister in the classroom, and it greatly inspired me to want to make a difference in some ones life. 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Teachers have a very important role of shaping the lives of young children and preparing them to become productive citizens in our community and with these types of responsibilities teachers can attain

Supply Chain Management in Meat Industry free essay sample

Therefore, how to improve the meat supply chain management to satisfy consumer expectation and prevent such event occurs again, should be a big question to Woolworth and other meat retailers. It is suggested that these meat retailers could enhance their supply chain management through the following practices: adopting continually quality improvement methods, building long-term partnership with suppliers and operating business ethically. The Overview Meat is an important source of human diet and has significant effect on public health. In both the United Kingdom and Australia, total meat and poultry consumption is stable increase in last 30 years (Watson, 1994, p. 25) while it has been referred to as the food item in which customer confidence decreased most during recent decades (Becker, et al. 1998). Customers expect purchasing good quality products derived from healthy animals raised in a healthy environment, to be natural, fresh tasting and nutritious (Kennedy et al. 2004, p. 122). However, corporations fail to satisfy this expectation. We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Management in Meat Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The meat production and consumption is under heavy criticism in the last decade (Verbeke, 2000, p. 22). Supply management may be able to help companies out of the hot water. Effective meat supply chain management could improve the product quality to meet the customers’ demand and bring competitiveness to firms. In 1997, Chiappe and Herrero indicate that knowledge in supply chain management becomes crucial for both local and international enterprises (1997, p. 87). However, though many firms have recognized the significance of supply chain management, they still struggle to achieve optimal results (Payne Peters, 2004, p. 77). Firms in meat industry may face more critical difficulties in their supply chain management, due to the higher inventory and transport requirement to keep meat fresh. Thus, to improve meat supply chain management hence to offer credible products to satisfy customer expectation is a big task of retailers such as Woolworth and Coles. The Ideas in Tangible First of all, continually quality improvement within the whole supply chain management will assist meat retailers satisfy customer expectation. The quality of meat is the key factor for business success within this industry. For delivering creditable quality meat to customers, supply chain improvement practices should be adopted. It may be claimed that ISO standard can offer the backbone for these supply chain improvement practices. ISO could give the confidence for all stakeholders of the company that everything within the organization is going well as they should be (Evans Lindsay, 2005). ISO9000 is a set of quality standards that are defines as being necessary for manufacturers and service organizations to be effective (Raisinghani, 2005, p. 494). ISO 9001 provide useful frameworks and concepts to analyze quality problems (Schroder Mceachern, 2002, p. 84). On the base of ISO, it may be suggested that the combination of lean system and six sigma, may offer best solution for meat retailers to optimize the product quality Secondly, the retailers may improve the reliability of their supply chain through building long term partnership with key suppliers. The supply channels can be viewed as â€Å"system of relationships among businesses that participate in the process of buying and selling products and services† (Bowersox and Close, 1996). Therefore supply chain not only involved retailers and customers but also manufacturers and wholesalers. The long-term success of corporations relies on the quality of customer-supplier relationship established (Aghazadeh, 2004, p. 264). According to Hughes and Merton (1996, p. 5), partnership practices can assist companies improve margin through â€Å"squeezing† cost out supply chain in a mature, slow growth overall market for food products. It has been suggested that for building successful partnership, companies should adopt the following guidelines:

The New Internet Essays - Virtual Reality, Cybercrime, E-commerce

The New Internet The New Internet Without a doubt, the Internet is undergoing a major transition as it experiences a tremendous influx of new users. Due to the anarchic, distributed nature of the net, we cannot even begin to enumerate the population of the Internet or its growth. As more of the world's population moves on-line, new concerns will arise which did not confront the earlier generations. The new culture will demand different resources, services and technology than the old generations expected and used. Already we can witness a clash between the emergent culture and the entrenched culture. The largest conflicts occurring now are about sharing resources, the impending commercialization of the net, and the growing problem of computer crime. The Internet was born in the union of government and researchers, and for two decades afterwards remained mostly the realm of those two groups. The net began as ARPANET, the Advanced Research Projects Agency Net, designed to be decentralized to sustain operations through a nuclear attack. This nature persists today in the resilience of the net, both technologically and in its culture. ARPANET was phased out in 1990 and the net backbone was taken over by NSFNET (National Science Foundation). Since 1969 the main users of cyberspace have been involved in research or in the university community as computer experts or hackers, exploring the limitations and capabilities of this new technology. These people formed a cohesive community with many of the same goals and ethics. In addition to the homogeneity of the net, the small size contributed to a strong feeling of community. There has been some conflict between the hackers and the researchers over sharing resources, and philosophies about security and privacy, but on the whole, the two groups have co-existed without major incident. The newest of the members of the so-called old generation are the university users who are not involved in research work on the net. Generally these are the students using the net for email, reading netnews and participating in interactive real-time conversations through talk, telnet or irc. This wave of people integrated smoothly with the community as it existed. Still sharing the common research and education orientation, the community remained cohesive and the culture did not change much, perhaps it only expanded in the more playful areas. These users did not compete with the researchers for resources other than computer time, which was rapidly becoming more available throughout the eighties. It is only in the past year or two that we have begun to see the explosion of the new generation on the Internet. Businesses have begun connecting themselves to the net, especially with the prospect of the NSFNET backbone changing hands to permit commercial traffic. Public access nets run by communities or businesses are springing up in cities all over the world, bringing in users who know little about computers and are more interested in the entertainment and information they can glean from the net. Commercial providers like America Online and Compuserve are beginning to open gateways from their exclusive services to the open Internet, specifically allowing their users to access email, netnews and soon ftp and telnet services. The explosion of BBSs and the shared Fidonet software has brought many users who were previously unable to get an account through a university to the world of email and netnews. At this point, anyone with a computer and a modem can access these most basic services. Several state s, such as Maryland, have begun efforts to connect all their residents to the net, often through their library system. The city of Cambridge, MA now offers access to the world wide web for short segments of time in its public libraries, and even several progressive coffeehouses in the San Francisco Bay area and soon in the Boston area are offering public net access. In the last 20 years, the net has developed slowly, adapting comfortably as its population grew steadily and shifted the culture to more diverse interests. But as the net faces a huge increase in its users in a short time, the reaction is bound to be more severe, and debate will center around several key issues that were irrelevant in a small homogeneous community. The establishment of new customs concerning these issues will define the culture of the future Internet. Most resources on the net currently are not designed to handle the amount of usage that will occur within the next six months. Sites which offer access to ftp archives are particularly worried about the massive influx of new users from commercial services opening access soon. America Online administrators addressed this issue in

The New Internet Essays - Virtual Reality, Cybercrime, E-commerce

The New Internet The New Internet Without a doubt, the Internet is undergoing a major transition as it experiences a tremendous influx of new users. Due to the anarchic, distributed nature of the net, we cannot even begin to enumerate the population of the Internet or its growth. As more of the world's population moves on-line, new concerns will arise which did not confront the earlier generations. The new culture will demand different resources, services and technology than the old generations expected and used. Already we can witness a clash between the emergent culture and the entrenched culture. The largest conflicts occurring now are about sharing resources, the impending commercialization of the net, and the growing problem of computer crime. The Internet was born in the union of government and researchers, and for two decades afterwards remained mostly the realm of those two groups. The net began as ARPANET, the Advanced Research Projects Agency Net, designed to be decentralized to sustain operations through a nuclear attack. This nature persists today in the resilience of the net, both technologically and in its culture. ARPANET was phased out in 1990 and the net backbone was taken over by NSFNET (National Science Foundation). Since 1969 the main users of cyberspace have been involved in research or in the university community as computer experts or hackers, exploring the limitations and capabilities of this new technology. These people formed a cohesive community with many of the same goals and ethics. In addition to the homogeneity of the net, the small size contributed to a strong feeling of community. There has been some conflict between the hackers and the researchers over sharing resources, and philosophies about security and privacy, but on the whole, the two groups have co-existed without major incident. The newest of the members of the so-called old generation are the university users who are not involved in research work on the net. Generally these are the students using the net for email, reading netnews and participating in interactive real-time conversations through talk, telnet or irc. This wave of people integrated smoothly with the community as it existed. Still sharing the common research and education orientation, the community remained cohesive and the culture did not change much, perhaps it only expanded in the more playful areas. These users did not compete with the researchers for resources other than computer time, which was rapidly becoming more available throughout the eighties. It is only in the past year or two that we have begun to see the explosion of the new generation on the Internet. Businesses have begun connecting themselves to the net, especially with the prospect of the NSFNET backbone changing hands to permit commercial traffic. Public access nets run by communities or businesses are springing up in cities all over the world, bringing in users who know little about computers and are more interested in the entertainment and information they can glean from the net. Commercial providers like America Online and Compuserve are beginning to open gateways from their exclusive services to the open Internet, specifically allowing their users to access email, netnews and soon ftp and telnet services. The explosion of BBSs and the shared Fidonet software has brought many users who were previously unable to get an account through a university to the world of email and netnews. At this point, anyone with a computer and a modem can access these most basic services. Several state s, such as Maryland, have begun efforts to connect all their residents to the net, often through their library system. The city of Cambridge, MA now offers access to the world wide web for short segments of time in its public libraries, and even several progressive coffeehouses in the San Francisco Bay area and soon in the Boston area are offering public net access. In the last 20 years, the net has developed slowly, adapting comfortably as its population grew steadily and shifted the culture to more diverse interests. But as the net faces a huge increase in its users in a short time, the reaction is bound to be more severe, and debate will center around several key issues that were irrelevant in a small homogeneous community. The establishment of new customs concerning these issues will define the culture of the future Internet. Most resources on the net currently are not designed to handle the amount of usage that will occur within the next six months. Sites which offer access to ftp archives are particularly worried about the massive influx of new users from commercial services opening access soon. America Online administrators addressed this issue in